The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences
Online ISSN: 2301-2218
European Publisher
Academic Motivation and Engagement: An Examination of its Factor Structure in Senior School Years
Table 5: Descriptive Statistics of the Motivational Constructs including their Reliability Coefficients at Time, 1, 2 and 3
| Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | |||||||||||||
| MotivationalConstructs | M | SD | Skew | Kurtosis | α | M | SD | Skew | Kurtosis | α | M | SD | Skew | Kurtosis | α |
| Self-efficacy | 21.76 | 4.35 | -.83 | .995 | .819 | 21.94 | 4.12 | -1.02 | 1.696 | .794 | 22.15 | 3.91 | -.736 | .190 | .801 |
| Valuing school | 22.14 | 3.84 | -1.04 | 1.89 | .797 | 21.94 | 3.60 | -.916 | 1.245 | .774 | 21.86 | 3.59 | -.763 | .294 | .789 |
| Mastery orientation | 22.74 | 4.10 | -1.14 | 1.76 | .840 | 22.76 | 3.99 | -1.19 | 2.00 | .858 | 22.54 | 3.77 | -.648 | .071 | .838 |
| Planning | 15.01 | 4.80 | -.06 | -.36 | .770 | 15.44 | 4.73 | -.124 | -.379 | .760 | 15.74 | 4.75 | -.136 | -.323 | .777 |
| Study Management | 17.19 | 5.16 | -.17 | -.46 | .823 | 17.35 | 5.10 | -.361 | -.174 | .822 | 17.33 | 5.20 | -.269 | -.179 | .853 |
| Persistence | 17.67 | 4.91 | -.25 | -.35 | .847 | 17.43 | 4.75 | -.301 | -.277 | .849 | 17.74 | 4.84 | -.252 | -.419 | .866 |
| Anxiety | 18.23 | 5.53 | -.31 | -.29 | .817 | 18.45 | 5.80 | -.278 | -.658 | .837 | 17.55 | 5.52 | -.320 | -.321 | .830 |
| Failure avoidance | 12.85 | 5.10 | .34 | -.54 | .771 | 12.68 | 4.89 | .488 | .035 | .737 | 12.94 | 5.32 | .357 | -.280 | .791 |
| Uncertain control | 14.90 | 5.18 | .02 | -.44 | .816 | 14.46 | 5.38 | .144 | -.640 | .853 | 13.94 | 5.38 | .020 | -.613 | .847 |
| Self-handicapping | 13.20 | 5.46 | .29 | .57 | .840 | 12.34 | 5.48 | .162 | -.874 | .855 | 11.72 | 5.42 | .317 | -.563 | .882 |
| Disengagement | 12.70 | 5.64 | .53 | .29 | .827 | 12.54 | 5.71 | .457 | -.501 | .841 | 14.08 | 5.84 | .186 | -.694 | .821 |